Friday, 4 October 2013

Important Marketing Terms for Exam E-Z

Freepost: Used to encourage a response by mail. The sender does not pay to return an item by post e.g. a questionnaire.

Guerilla Marketing: Unconventional marketing intended to get maximum results from minimal resources is nothing but Guerilla Marketing.

JIT: Just-in-time (JIT) is an inventory strategy implemented to improve the return on investment of a business by reducing in-process inventory and its associated carrying costs. In order to achieve JIT the process must have signals of what is going on elsewhere within the process.

Incentive: Something  of  financial  or  symbolic  value  added  to  an  offer  to  encourage  some  overt  behavioural response.

Indirect Marketing: Indirect Marketing is the distribution of a particular product through a channel that includes one or more resellers.

Difference b/w Direct and Indirect Marketing:
·         Direct marketing is basically advertising your own products or services.
·         In the same way you might advertise for someone else is called Indirect marketing, is an increasingly popular way of doing business

Internet Marketing: Internet marketing is the marketing of products or services over the Internet.
Internet Marketing is also known as i-marketing, web-marketing, online-marketing, Search Engine Marketing (SEM) or e-Marketing

Key Selling Points: The components of a program or event that will appeal to the greatest number of people.

Loyalty Programs: A component of relationship marketing. Programs designed to increase the strength of a consumer's preference for a particular entity. The most common form of loyalty program in the arts is subscription or membership programs.

Marketing: The  process  of  planning  and  executing  the  conception,  pricing,  promotion,  and  distribution  of ideas,  goods,  services,  and  people  to  create  exchanges  that  will  satisfy  individual  and organizational goals.

Marketing Mix: The  blend  of  product,  place,  promotion,  and  pricing  strategies  designed  to  produce  satisfying exchanges with a target market.

Market Research: The  process  of  planning,  collecting,  and  analyzing  data  relevant  to  marketing  decision-making. Using a combination of primary and secondary research tools to better understand a situation.

Marketing Strategy: The first stage is setting  marketing objectives (where the organisation wants to be at the end of the strategic  planning  period)  and  goals  (the  objectives  with  specific  numerical  benchmarks  and deadlines attached to allow  management  to  measure achievement). The  second stage  is specifying the core  marketing  strategy,  i.e. specific target markets,  competitive  positioning and  key  elements of the marketing mix. The third is the implementation of tactics to achieve the core strategy.

Mergers and Acquisitions: The phrase  mergers and acquisitions (abbreviated  M&A) refers to the aspect of corporate strategy, corporate  finance  and  management  dealing  with  the  buying,  selling  and  combining  of  different companies  that  can  aid,  finance,  or  help  a  growing  company  in  a  given  industry  grow  rapidly without  having  to  create  another  business  entity.  A  merger  is  a  tool  used  by  companies  for  the purpose  of  expanding  their  operations  often  aiming at an  increase of their long  term  profitability. An acquisition, also known as a takeover, is the buying of one company (the ‘target’) by another.

Media Hooks: Aspects of an event or program that are most likely to appeal to a journalist or the media generally.

Media Monitoring: Systematic monitoring of the media in order to ascertain what has been said.  Specialised agencies provide this service.

Offer: A  proposal  by  a  marketer  to  make  available  to  a  target  customer  a  desirable  set  of  positive consequences if the customer undertakes the required action.

Pitch: A proposal - either verbal or written - to enlist the engagement or support of a third party.

Psychographics: Life-style measures which   combine psychological and demographic measurements based on consumers' activities, aspirations, values, interests or opinions.

Publicity: Definitions vary but in Sauce the term is used to describe obtaining media coverage.

Personal Selling: Persuasive communication between a representative of the company and one or more prospective customers, designed to influence the person's or group's purchase decision.

Qualitative Research: Research  that  seeks  out  people's  attitudes  and  preferences,  usually  conducted  through unstructured interviews or focus groups.

Quantitative Research: Research  that  measures  (quantifies)  responses  to  a  structured  questionnaire,  conducted  either through  telephone,  face-to-face  structured  interviews,  on  the  Internet  or  through  self  completion surveys.

Quickcuts: The brand name of technology which enables design companies or advertising agencies to transmit advertisements directly to the publication over a telephone line.

Reach: The total number of people your organisation or campaign reaches.

Relationship marketing: Marketing  with  a  focus  on  building  long-term  relationships  where  the  target  customer  is encouraged to continue his or her involvement with the marketer.

Strategic Marketing Planning: The  process  of  managerial  and  operational  activities  required  to  create  and  sustain  effective  and efficient  marketing  strategies,  including  identifying  and  evaluating  opportunities,  analyzing markets  and  selecting  target  markets,  developing  a  positioning  strategy,  preparing  and  executing the market plan, and controlling and evaluating results.

Situational Analysis:  An analysis of the internal and external environment of a company or event.

SWOT Analysis: Identifying the strengths and weaknesses, which are internal to the organisation or project and the opportunities and threats, which come from outside the organisation.

Social Media Marketing: Social media marketing is marketing using online communities, social networks, blog marketing and more

Talent: The  person  or  people  you  put  forward  to  the  media  as  possible  subjects  for  an  interview,  a  game show, a picture or footage, etc.

Target Audience: The  section  of  the population  that  is  identified  as  likely  to  be  most  interested  in  buying  or  being associated with a product.

Target media: The media you decide to target for coverage because they reach your target audience.

Targeting: The act of directing promotions to the target audience.

TARPS: Target  audience  rating points --  that  is,  the  number  of people  or  percentage  of  people  reached  in your target audience

Unique Selling Proposition (USP): The one thing that  makes  a  product different  than any  other.  It's  the  one  reason  marketers  think consumers will buy the product even though it may seem no different from many others just like it.

Viral Marketing: Marketing by the word of the mouth, having a high pass-rate from person to person is called Viral marketing.  Creating a 'buzz' in the industry is an example of viral marketing.

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Important Marketing Terms for Exam A-D

some important glossary terms used  by  marketers,  usually  at  the  management  level,  when  preparing  marketing plans and pitching for business 

Anti-competitive practice: A practice is considered anti-competitive if it prevents, distorts or restricts competition in a market for goods and services in Barbados.

Anti-dumping: Anti dumping is a measure to rectify the situation arising out of the dumping of goods and its trade distortive effect.  Thus,  the  purpose  of  anti  dumping  duty is  to  rectify  the trade  distortive effect  of dumping  and  re-establish  fair  trade.  The  use  of  anti  dumping  measure  as  an  instrument  of  fair competition  is  permitted  by  the  WTO.  In  fact,  anti  dumping  is  an  instrument  for  ensuring  fair trade  and  is  not  a  measure  of  protection  for  the  domestic  industry.  It  provides  relief  to  the domestic  industry  against  the  injury  caused  by  dumping.  Anti  dumping  measures  do  not  provide protection  per  se  to  the  domestic  industry.  It only serves the purpose of providing remedy to the domestic industry against the injury caused by the unfair trade practice of dumping.

Advertising: Advertising is a form of communication that typically attempts to persuade potential customers to purchase or to consume more of a particular brand of product or service. Many advertisements are designed  to  generate  increased  consumption  of  those  products  and   services  through  the  creation and  reinforcement  of  "brand  image"  and  "brand  loyalty".  For these purposes, advertisements sometimes embed their persuasive message with factual information.
Barter: A Trade Exchange or  Barter is a  type of trade in which  goods or  services  are directly exchanged for other  goods  and/or  services,  without  the  use  of  money.  It  can  be  bilateral  or  multilateral,  and usually  exists  parallel  to  monetary systems  in  most  developed  countries,  though  to  a  very limited extent. Barter usually replaces money as the method of exchange in times of monetary crisis, when the currency is unstable and devalued by hyperinflation.

Branding: It is a promise, a pledge of quality. It is the essence of a product, including why it is great, and how it is better than all competition products. It is an image.  It is a combination of words and letters, symbols, and colors.

Conglomerate: A conglomerate is the term used to describe a large company that consists of seemingly unrelated business sections. This term may also be referred to as a multi-industry company.

Circulation: The total number of copies distributed by a newspaper or magazine.

Classifieds: An advertisement in a newspaper that is placed along with advertisements for similar events under a classified heading, e.g. 'Entertainment' or 'Cinema'.

Concept: A design in which all aspects of the product are linked to a central idea, function or theory, etc.

Copy: Written or typed matter intended to be reproduced in print.

Copyright: The  exclusive  right,  granted  by  law  for  a  certain  term  of  years,  to  make  and  dispose  of  copies  of, and otherwise to control, a literary, musical, dramatic, or artistic work.

Critical Path: Plots the events that need to occur to complete a project on a timeline.

CRM: Customer Relationship Marketing. Building loyalty through your relationship with a customer.

Database: A  large  volume  of  information  stored  in  a  computer  and  organised  in  categories  to  facilitate retrieval.

Direct Mail: Mailing brochures, letters, questionnaires etc. directly to the target market.

Direct Marketing: Marketing to the customer without the use of an intermediary.
Types of Direct marketing:
There are many types of direct marketing, only some important types are listed below and these are the most form of direct marketing.
i)Direct Mail Marketing: Advertising material sent directly to home and business addresses. This is the most common form of direct marketing.
ii)Telemarketing: It is the second most common form of direct marketing, in which marketers contact consumers by phone.
ii)Email Marketing: This type of marketing targets customers through their email accounts

Display Ad: An advertisement which is usually designed by the advertiser and displayed in a box.

Direct Response: In advertising. Advertising  designed  to  trigger  a  behavioural  response  in  target  audiences,  e.g. placing mail back coupons in the ad, asking people to bring in or mention an ad, setting up a phone number and asking individuals to call for further information etc.

Digital Marketing: Digital Marketing is the practice of promoting products and services using all forms of digital advertising. It includes Television, Radio, Internet, mobile and any other form of digital media.

Distress Rates: Cheaper rates for advertising at short notice, i.e.  When newspapers have spaces to fill shortly before their deadlines.

Distribution: To place promotional material, e.g. fliers or posters, throughout areas where they will be picked up.

Drip Marketing: Method of sending promotional items to clients is called Drip marketing.

Dumping: If a company exports a product at a price (export  price) lower than the price it normally charges on its own home market (normal value), it is said to be 'dumping' the product. Dumping can harm the domestic  industry  by  reducing its  sales volume  and  market  shares,  as  well  as  its sales  prices. This in  turn  can  result  in  decline  in  profitability,  job  losses  and,  in  the  worst  case,  in  the  domestic industry going  out  of  business.  Often,  dumping  is  mistaken  and  simplified  to  mean  cheap  or  low priced  imports.  However, it is a misunderstanding of the term. On the other hand, dumping, in its legal sense, means export of goods by a country to another country at a price lower than its normal value.  Thus, dumping implies low priced imports only in the relative sense (relative to the normal value), and not in absolute sense. 
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MCQ Banking awareness Questions

1.    Which of the following is not a money market instrument?
(1) A treasury bill
(2) A negotiable certificate of deposit
(3) Commercial Paper
(4) Treasury Bond
(5) Repo


       2.    Lending of Scheduled Commercial Banks, on a fortnightly average basis should not exceed ___ of their capital fund?
(1) 25%                 (2) 35%
(3) 15%                 (4) 505
(5) None of these         

       3.    Bank Rate refers to the interest rate at which:
(1) Commercial banks receive deposits from the public.
(2) Central bank gives loans to Commercial banks. 
(3) Government loans are floated.
(4) Commercial banks grant loans to their customers.
(5) None of these

      4.    Purchasing Power Parity theory is related with
(1) Interest Rate.
(2) Bank Rate.
(3) Wage Rate.
(4) Exchange Rate.
(5) None of these

     5.    Foreign currency which has a tendency of quick migration is called
(1) Scarce currency.
(2) Soft currency.
(3) Gold currency.
(4) Hot currency.
(5) None of these

      6.    Which is the important source of income for Govt. of India?
(1) Interest
(2) License Fee
(3) Income Tax
(4) Excise duty
(5) None of these

      7.    Excise duty on a commodity is payable with reference to its
(1) production
(2) production and sale.
(3) Production and transportation.
(4) Production, transportation and sale.
(5) None of these

     8.    In which type of account, banks generally don’t pay interest—
(1) Saving Account
 
(2) Current account
(3)
 Fixed Deposit Account
(4) Interest is always payable in all types of account
(5) None of these

    9.    India’s First Financial Archive has been set up at—
(1) Mumbai
(2) New Delhi
(3) Ahmadabad
(4) Kolkata
(5) None of these

       10.  When the Commercial Bank create credit areas which are in effect and increases—
(1) The national debt
(2) The supply of money
(3) The purchasing power of the rupee
(4) The real wealth of the country
(5) None of these


  11.    Which of the following is not a tool in the hands of RBI to control the inflationary pressure in the country ?
         (1) Bank Rate (BR)   
(2) Special Drawing Rights (SDR) 
(3) Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)
(4) Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)      
(5) None of these                                      Ans: (2)

        12.    Which of the following tool is used frequently by the RBI to control credit and monetary situations of the markets in the country?
(1) Cash Reserve Ratio
(2) Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS)
(3) Balance of Trade
(4) Forward Trade Agreements
(5) Electronic Clearing Service                Ans: (1)

        13.    Which among the following organization has got the principal approval from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for establishing as well as operating White Label ATMs (WLAs)?
(1) Muthoot Finance
(2) Union Bank of India
(3) LIC (Life Corporation of India)
(4) NICL (National Insurance Company Limited)
(5) None of these                                                  Ans: (1)

       14.    Present minimum & maximum limit for RTGS transactions is ____.
(1) Rs.50000, Rs 200000 
(2) Rs. 1 lac, No Limit
(3) Rs. 2 lac, Rs 5 lac      
(4) Rs.5 lac, Rs 10 lac
(5) Rs. 2 lac, No Limit                   Ans: (5)

       15.    The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) constituted a working group to examine various issues concerning the deposit rates, including floating rate of interest on fixed deposits under the chairmanship of:
(1) SS Kohli                                   (2) Dalbir Singh
(3) HN Sinor                                  (4) RK Talwar
(5) None of these                                                  Ans: (3)

       16.    The maximum amount of the total revenue earned by the government of India comes from-
(1) Income Tax                 (2) Customs Duty
(3) Excise Duty                 (4) VAT                                  
(5) Corporate Tax                                     Ans: (5)

       17.    Recently RBI launch Inflation Indexed Bonds (IIBs) to stop away investors from gold to paper-based savings instruments. What is the maturity period these bonds?
(1) 5 years                         (2) 10 years
(3) 6 years                         (4) 7 years
(5) None of these                                      Ans: (2)

        18.    In order to promote lending to priority sectors, the Reserve Bank has allowed urban co-operative banks (UCBs) to grant unsecured loans up to how much percent of their assets?
(1) 5 %                          (2) 10%
(3) 15%                         (4) 20%
(5) 25%                                   Ans: (5) 


     19.    Government has extended the term of which among the following Deputy Governor of  the RBI?
(1) Ujjwal Patel                  (2) Subir Gokaran
(3) HR Khan                      (4) Anand Sinha
(5) None of these                                     Ans: (4)
     
       20.  RBI Provides ____ for meeting day - to - day receipt and expenditure mismatch to both Central and State Governments. 
1) treasury bills                 
2) Ways and Means advance 
3) date and securities       
4) All the above 
5) None of these                           Ans: 2)

        21.  The maximum number of withdrawals permitted in a savings account, half yearly is__?
(1) 90                                 (2) 60
(3) 50                                 (4) 110
(5) None of these                          Ans: (3)

       22.  The Capital Account Convertibility of the Indian rupee refers to:
(1) that the Indian rupee can be exchanged for the US dollar for international trade in goods and service
(2) that the Indian rupee can be exchanged for any major currency for the purpose of trading financial assets
(3) that the Indian rupee can be exchanged by the authorized dealer for travel purpose
(4)  that the Indian rupee can be exchanged for any major currency for the purpose of trade in goods and services
(5) None of the above                 Ans: (2)

       23.  Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act (FRBM) concerns:
I. Fiscal Deficit     
II. Balance of Payment
III. Revenue Deficit
(1) Only I                           (2) Only II
(3) I & II                             (4) I & III
(5) All of these                                           Ans: (4)

        24.  Which of the principal institution for promotion, financing and development of small scale industries in the country?
(1) RBI                              (2) SBI
(3) IDBI                             (4) SIDBI
(5) None of these                                      Ans: (4)

       25.  Which of the following instruments of credit control adopted by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) does not fall within ‘general’ or ‘quantitative’ methods of credit control?
(1) Stipulation of certain minimum margin in respect of advance against specified commodities
(2) Open market operations
(3) Bank rate
(4) Variable reserve requirement
(5) None of these                                      Ans: (1)


 

Important Banking Terms

1.    Balance of Trade:
The value of a country’s exports minus the value of its imports. Unless specified as the balance of merchandise trade, it normally incorporates trade in services, including earnings (interest, dividends, etc.) on financial assets.


2.    Balance of Payments:
A list of all of a country’s international transactions for a given time period, usually one year. Payments into the country (receipts) are entered as positive numbers, called credits; Payments out of the country (payments) are entered as negative numbers called debits. A single numbers summarize all of a country’s international transactions: the balance of payments surplus.

3.    MFN (Most Favoured Nation):
The principle, fundamental to the GATT, of treating imports from a country on the same basis as that given to the most favoured other nation. That is, and with some exceptions, every country gets the lowest tariff that any country gets, and reductions in tariffs to one country are provided also to others.

4.    Balanced Budget:
A government budget surplus that is zero, thus with net tax revenue equaling expenditure. A balanced budget changes in policy or behavior is one which a component of the government budget, usually taxes, is adjusted as necessary to maintain a balanced budget.

5.    Balanced Growth of an Economy:
Growth of an economy in which all aspects of it, especially factors of production, grow at the same rate.

6.    Bank Rate:
The interest rate charges by a central bank to commercial banks for very short term loans.
Current Bank Rate – 10.25%

7.    Repo:
Repo is “Repurchase Agreement”. An agreement to sell a security for a specified price and to buy it back later at another specified price. A repo is essentially a secured loan.

8.    Repo Rate:
Whenever the banks have any shortage of funds they can borrow it form RBI. Repo rate is the rate at which commercial banks borrows rupees from RBI. A reduction in the repo rate will help banks to get money at cheaper rate. When the repo rate increases borrowing form RBI becomes more expensive.
Current Repo Rate is: 7.25%

9.    Reverse Repo Rate:
Reverse Repo rate is the rate at which RBI borrows money from commercial banks. Banks are always happy to lend money to RBI since their money is in the safe hands with a good interest. An increase in reverse repo rate can cause the banks to transfer more funds to RBI due to this attractive interest rates.
Current R Repo Rate: 6.25%

10.  CRR (Cash Reverse Ratio):
CRR is the amount of funds that the banks have to keep with RBI. If RBI increases CRR, the available amount with the banks comes down. RBI is using this method (increase of CRR), to drain out the excessive money from the banks.
Current CRR – 4%

11.  SLR (Statutory Liquidity Ratio):
SLR is the amount a commercial banks needs to maintain in the form of cash, or gold, or govt. approved securities (Bonds) before providing credit to its customers. SLR rate is determined and maintained by RBI in order to control the expansion of the bank credit.
Current SLR is 23%

Need of SLR:
With the SLR, the RBI can ensure the solvency of a commercial banks. It is also helpful to control the expansion of the Bank credits. By changing SLR rates, RBI can increase or decrease bank credit expansion. Also through SLR, RBI compels the commercial banks to invest in the government securities like govt. bonds.

Main use of SLR:
SLR is used to control inflation and propel growth. Through SLR rate the money supply in the system can be controlled effectively.

12.  Fiscal Deficit:
A deficit in the government budget of a country and represents the excess of expenditure over income. So this is the amount of borrowed funds require by the government to meet its expenditures completely.

13.  Direct Tax:
A direct tax is that which is paid directly by someone to taxing authority. Income tax and property tax are an examples of direct tax. They are not shifted to somebody else.

14.  Indirect Tax:
This type of tax is not paid by someone to the authorities and it is actually passed on to the other in the form of increased cost. They are levied on goods and services produced or purchased. Excise Tax, Sales Tax, Vat, Entertainment tax are indirect taxes.

15.  NOSTRO Account:
A Nostro account is maintained by an Indian Bank in the foreign countries.

16.  VOSTRO Account:
A Vostro account is maintained by a foreign bank in India with their corresponding bank.

17.  SDR (Special Drawing Rights):
SDR are new form of International reserve assets, created by the International Monetary Fund in 1967. The value of SDR is based on the portfolio of widely used countries and they are maintained as accounting entries and not as hard currency or physical assets like Gold.


 

Points on Basel III Norms

Basel Committee on Banking Supervision:
i. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision is an institution of Governors of the Central Banks of “G-10” nations and was formed in 1974.

ii.
 The Committee is a forum for discussion on the handling of specific supervisory problems.

iii. It coordinates the sharing of supervisory responsibilities among national authorities in respect of banks' foreign establishments with the aim of ensuring effective supervision of banks' activities worldwide.
iv. The committee operates from Basel in Switzerland. 

Basel III Guidelines:are based upon 3 very important aspects which are called 3 pillars of the BASEL II.

These III pillars are:
1. Minimum Capital Requirement
2. Supervisory Review Process
3. Market Discipline


Important Points:

1. In accordance with Basel III norms, Indian banks will have to maintain their capital adequacy ratio at 9 per cent as against the minimum recommended requirement of 8 per cent.  

2. Under Basel III accord, banks have to maintain Tier-one capital (equity and reserves) at 7 per cent of risk weighted assets (RWA) and a capital conservation bugger of 2.5 per cent of RWA. 

3. According to the recent RBI financial stability report, Indian banks will require an additional capital of Rs.5 trillion (5lakh crore) to comply with Basel III norms, including Rs 3.25 trillion (Rs 3.25 lakh crore) as non-equity capital and Rs 1.75 trillion(Rs 1.75 lakh crore) in the form of equity capital over the next five years. 

4. To ensure that PSU Banks meet the Basel III regulations regarding capital adequacy, the government will infuse Rs 14,000 crore in public sector banks in next fiscal (2013-14). The Basel III capital ratios will be fully phased in as on March 31, 2018.


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